In this work, we tested whether we can predict optical spectra from deep-field photometry of distant galaxies. Our goal was to perform a comparison in data space, highlighting the differences between predicted and observed spectra.
Towards that goal, we used the Large Early Galaxy Astrophysics Census (LEGA-C) survey. LEGA-C provides high-quality optical spectra of thousands of galaxies at redshift 0.6 < z < 1. Broadband photometry of the same galaxies, drawn from the recent COSMOS2020 catalog, is used to predict the optical spectra with the spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting code Prospector and the MILES stellar library.
The observed and predicted spectra were compared in terms of two age and metallicity-sensitive absorption features (HδA and Fe4383). The global bimodality of star-forming and quiescent galaxies in photometric space wass recovered with the model spectra. However, the presence of a systematic offset in the Fe4383 line strength and the weak correlation between the observed and modeled line strength imply that accurate age or metallicity determinations cannot be inferred from photometry alone.
For now we caution that photometry-based estimates of stellar population properties are determined mostly by the modeling approach and not the physical properties of galaxies, even when using the highest-quality photometric datasets and state-of-the-art fitting techniques. When exploring a new physical parameter space (i.e. redshift or galaxy mass) high-quality spectroscopy is always needed to inform the analysis of photometry.